vu mth718 Mid Term Subjective Solved Past Paper No.14
vu mth718 Topics in Numerical Methods Solved Past Papers
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Data Flow Diagram
"A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system."
The purpose of data flow diagrams is to provide a linking bridge between users and systems developers.
STEPS TO DRAW A DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
- Start from the context diagram. Identify the parent process and the external entities with their net inputs and outputs.
- Place the external entities on the diagram. Draw the boundary.
- Identify the data flows needed to generate the net inputs and outputs to the external entities.
- Identify the business processes to perform the work needed to generate the input and output data flows.
- Connect the data flows from the external entities to the processes.
- Identify the data stores.
- Connect the processes and data stores with data flows.
- Apply the Process Model Paradigm to verify that the diagram addresses the processing needs of all external entities.
- Apply the External Control Paradigm to further validate that the flows to the external entities are correct.
Characteristics of the Incremental Model
- The system development is bren into many mini development projects
- Partial systems are successively built to produce a final total system.
- Highest priority requirements tackled early on.
- Once an incremented portion is developed, requirements for that increment are frozen.
Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of the existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success.
Purpose of Feasibility Study
The purpose of feasibility study is to obtain a commitment to change and to evaluate whether cost effective solutions are available to address the problem or opportunity that has been identified.Benefits of CRM
- Maintains and enhances customer base
- Encourages customer loyalty
- Gaining more customers' wallet-share
- The more effective a company's customer retention and defection management strategy, the less they need to plug the gap with new customers, who are expensive to recruit.o CRM help in establishing communication to encourage customers to share information about their
- Habits,
- Tastes and preferences
- Interests in Co's brand extension initiatives
The Choice Phase
A course of action is selected out of the available alternatives as devised in the design phase. Typical Activities include:
- Get information
- Final evaluation
- Sensitivity analysis
--OR--
Types of normative model in choice phase of decision making process:
Optimization
Finding an alternative with the most cost effective or highest achievable performanceunder the given constraints, by maximizing desired factors and minimizing undesiredones. In comparison, maximization means trying to attain the highest or maximum resultor outcome without regard to cost or expense.
Rationalization
- More of good things, less of bad things
- Courses of action are known quantity
- Options ranked from best to worse
Sub optimization
Decisions made in separate parts of organization without consideration of whole situation where a process, procedure, or system yields less than the best possibleoutcome or output, caused by a lack of best possible coordination between differentcomponents, elements, parts, etc.
- Histogram
- Pareto Analysis
- Cause & Effect Diagram
Discuss its basic objectives and types of marketing information?
MKIS is a type of Information System that helps the firm to achieve following objectives:o Identification of customers for firm's products and services.
- o Development of those products and services to meet customers' needs
- o Promotion of the products and services, and
- o Provision of after sale customer support
Types of Marketing Information
Every information system is designed to capture some sort of information. Information requirements need to be defined before the systems are made. While designing marketing information system, following types of information should be designed.
Marketing Intelligence
Information flowing from environment into the environmento Internal Information - gathered within the firm
Marketing Communication
Info flowing from firm to external environment
An MKIS help in proper management and dissemination of all three kinds of information.
Industry Analysis:
While all stocks carry market risk and are hurt by a recession, they will not suffer to the same degree. As pointed out earlier, a defensive stock (like a retail food chain) will be hurt less than a cyclical stock (like a steel company). Once the economy bottoms out, the cyclical stocks are precisely the place to be, because their sales and profits are closely tied to overall economic activity.
