vu mth718 Mid Term Subjective Solved Past Paper No.16

There are four main components of Expert systems

User Interface

to enable the manager to enter instructions and information into an expert system to receive information from it.

Knowledge Base

it is the database of the expert system. It contains rules to express the logic of the problem.

Inference engine

it is the database management system of the expert system. It performs reasoning by using the contents of the knowledge base.

Development engine

it is used to create an expert system.

Neural Network vs. Expert System

Expert systems seek to model a human expert's way of solving problems. They are highly specific to seeking solutions. Neural networks do not model human intelligence. They seek to put intelligence into Hardware in the form of generalized capability to learn.

The dialectical approach can be defined in congestion with the definition of the organization as a system may be called dialectical if it examines a situation completely and logically from two different points of view. Further this approach begins by identifying the prevailing or recommended plan and the data which were used to derive it.

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As company grows, needs larger production, specialized knowledge, better marketing and finance techniques and need of capital, therefore needs increased number of professional people in all functional areas. This is very difficult and cannot be managed at an informal level, further formalization, procedurals also come into play for their respective financial and managerial control. The owners found themselves with unwanted managerial responsibilities, as they still try to act it in the past ways. Owners enter into conflict with managers. This issue is cited as agency theory in corporate governance and strategic management courses. At this point crisis of leadership occurs - the first revolution. The Owner / founders, often hate to step aside even though they are probably temperament wise unsuited to be managers. So the developmental choice for founder is to choose strong manager and step aside for perpetual growth or select week manager and compromise on growth.

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Devil's Advocacy Process:

In this process, planners present their recommendations and managers take decision as role of devil advocate. The focus is on that what is going wrong with plan and what actions can be taken to get on plan.

Dialectical Inquiry process

Every one has unique knowledge and seeking for consensus for activity. Every one share his discussion to get good results.

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Neighbor's rights

Islam pays attention to the issue of neighbors, whether they are Muslim or not, because of the interests served by that in making the nation like one body. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: 'Jibreel kept on enjoining the good treatment of neighbors to the extent that I thought that he would include neighbors as heirs." (Agreed upon. Narrated by Muslim,)

Among the rights of one neighbor over another as affirmed by Islam are the initiation of greetings, visiting him if he is sick, offering condolences if calamity befalls him, congratulating him at times of joy, overlooking his mistakes, concealing his faults, bearing his annoyance with patience, giving him gifts, lending him money if he needs it, lowering one's gaze from looking at his womenfolk, and guiding him to that which will benefit him in his religious and worldly affairs. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "The best of companions with Allah is the one who is best to his companion, and the best of neighbors with Him is the one who is best to his neighbor." (Narrated by al-Bukhari)

Concerning neighbors' rights, Allah says: (interpretation of the meaning):

"Worship Allah and join none with Him (in worship); and do good to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, Al-Masaakeen (the poor), the neighbor who is near of kin, the neighbor who is a stranger, the companion by your side…" [al-Nisaa' 4:36]

Islam warns against annoying one's neighbors or treating them badly. The Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) explained that this would lead to being deprived of Paradise: "He will not enter Paradise from whose harm his neighbor is not safe." (Agreed upon. Narrated by Muslim,).

In order to achieve the common interest, Islam gives rights to the ruler over his subjects and to the subjects over their ruler, and its gives the husband rights over his wife and the wife rights over her husband, and there are other just rights, which Islam has enjoined.