vu cs101 Mid Term Subjective Solved Past Paper No.5
vu cs101 Introduction to Computing Solved Past Papers
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- Frequency spectrum and bandwidth.
- Bandwidth and throughput.
- Bit interval and bit rate.
Frequency Spectrum / Bandwidth
Frequency Spectrum of a signal is the collection of all the component frequencies it contains. It is shown using a Frequency domain graph.Bandwidth: of a signal is the width of the frequency spectrum
In other words, Bandwidth refers to the range of the component frequencies and Frequency Spectrum refers to the elements within that range.
Measurement of how fast data can pass through a point o In other words, if we consider any point in the TX Medium as a wall through which bits pass, then throughput is the number of bits that can pass this wall in second
Bit Interval and Bit Rate
Most digital signals are aperiodic and thus Period and Frequency are not the appropriate terms to describe themBit Interval (seconds)
Time required sending one single bitBit Rate (bps)
Number of bits sent per second- Syntax and Semantics of protocol.
- Network management and exchange management.
- Monolithic and structured.
Syntax
Communication between peer entities (P21)Semantics
Client/server (P21)Exchange Management
Error Detection and Correction (P17)Network management (P17)
SecurityMonolithic
Communications is a complex taskTo complex for single unit
Structured
Analog Conversion
Representation of analog information by an analog signal is Analog-to-analog conversion. (PAGE 95)Bandwidth of a modem is not measured in bytes, it is measured in bits. Modem Speed -ASK (full-duplex) Effective bandwidth of a telephone line is 2400 Hz, the maximum baud rate is also 2400.
Baud rate and bit rate are equal for ASK, so maximum bit rate is also 2400 bps. (PAGE 112)
Bipolar uses three voltage levels. There are three types of bipolar encoding:
- AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
- B8ZS
- HDB3
