vu it430 Mid Term Subjective Solved Past Paper No.5

The literature of the Anglo-Saxons is the richest and the most significant of any preserved literatures among the early Germanic people. Two types of this literature were brought to England by the Germanic conquerors from their continental homes and preserved in oral tradition. It is influenced by reintroduction of Christianity into the southern part of the island at the end of the sixth century. Two streams mingle in Old English literature; these are pagan and the Christian. Both the traditions constantly overlay.

The principal changes in the verb during this time were the serious losses suffered by the strong conjugation. This conjugation, although including some of the most important verbs in the language, was relatively small as compared with the large and steadily growing body of weak verbs.

An occasional verb developed a strong past tense or past participle by analogy with similar strong verbs. New verbs formed from nouns and adjectives or borrowed from other languages were regularly conjugated as weak.

Nearly a third of the strong verbs in OE died out early in the ME period. Ninety of them have left no traces in written records after 1150. Some of them may have been current for a time in the spoken language, but except where an occasional verb survives in a modern dialect, they are not

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Inflectional morphemes are affixes which carry grammatical meaning (for example, the plural -s in cats or progressive -ing in sailing). They do not change the part of speech or meaning of the word; they function to ensure that the word is in the appropriate form so the sentence is grammatically correct.

All inflectional morphemes in English are suffixes and are added after any derivational suffixes.

The most common inflectional morphemes are used in verb inflection (for example, ed in raced, -ing in racing, -s in races) but there are suffixes for noun inflection (for example, plural -s in horses and possessive -'s in Norma's) and adjective inflection (for example, comparative -er in faster and superlative -est in fastest).

Derivational morphemes are affixes which are added to a lexeme to change its meaning or function. They are used to make a new, different lexeme (for example, -ly changes the adjective sad into the adverb sadly).

Most derivational morphemes change the part of speech, for example, -ance changes the verb resemble into the noun resemblance. Note that the 'e' is deleted at the end of the verb resemble when the suffix is added.

--or--Morphology has two main subdivisions, namely inflection and derivation. Inflection deals with patterns of word structure that are determined by the role of words in sentences. Derivation creates new words with different meanings e.g., maltreat from treat.

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The Norman Conquest greatly influenced the English language regarding pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. It also had an impact on the loss of most Old English inflection during this period. The mixture of the two cultures and the two languages came to be known as the Middle English. The changes in the vocabulary involved the loss of a large part of the Old English vocabulary and the addition of many words from French.

The changes in English grammar are defined as a reduction of inflections.

For Example

In Old English, the word order was Adjective + Noun, some expressions like Royal Prince, changed into Old French pattern of placing a noun before its describing adjective like Prince Royal. Although nominal, there is evidence for French influence on English word order. ii. French influence on the vocabulary

The French influence is observable on the English vocabulary. Many French words and idioms were introduced into English and are still used. As Normans started governing the churches and the courts of London the change first occurred in the courts and religious services, so these places were influenced first.

For example

The largest single group among the words that were introduced in early was linked with the Christianity and church, where Normans took charge of the clergy ship (service, trinity, savior, virgin, angle etc.).

Words like state, royal (roial), exil (exile), army (armee), navy (navie), enemy (enemi), and more were joint in. French words were borrowed in English because of the ruling class and their fusion.

French influence on spelling

A significant change in spellings took place for the sake of clarity. Old English 'u' changed as 'ou', for example, hus (house) as hous (ow when final).

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English is ideologically useful to the post-independence government of Pakistan trying to unify a newly established political entity, while at the same time carrying on the day-to-day tasks of education and administration. These factors favored keeping English as an official language. However, its retention was strongly opposed by religious parties 'who felt that maintaining the status of English symbolized a new form of colonization' (Mahboob and Ahmar, 2008, p. 245). They wanted an Islamic state with a local language. In response, successive governments in the first thirty years of the postcolonial period passed recommendations to develop and elevate the status of other languages, Urdu in particular, but did little to implement them before 1977.

The scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics.