vu eng201 Mid Term Subjective Solved Past Paper No.6
vu eng201 Business and Technical English Writing Solved Past Papers
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- Union
- Set operation
- Cartesian product
- Unary Operations are Select and Project.
Procedural Languages:
These are those languages in which what to do and how to do on the database is required. It means whatever operation is to be done on the database that has to be toldthat how to perform.
Non-Procedural Languages:
These are those languages in which only what to do is required, rest how to do is doneby the manipulation language itself. Structured query language (SQL) is the most widely language used for manipulation of data. But we will first study Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus, which areprocedural and non-procedural respectively.
- It identifies the entity instances uniquely, as is required in case of super key.
- It should be minimum, that is, no proper subset of candidate key is a key.
Often, in relational database, we wish to ensure that a value that appears in one relation for a given set of attributes also appears for a certain set of attributes in another relation. This condition is called Referential integrity (RI). It is the concept of relationships between tables, based on the definition of a primary key and a foreign key.
The following summarize the benefits of referential integrity:
Ensure data integrity and consistency base on primary key and foreign key
Increases development productivity, because it is not necessary to code SQL statements to enforce referential constraints, the Teradata RDBMS automatically enforces referential integrity.
Default values are the values which are associated with a specific attribute and can help us to reduce the chances of inserting incorrect values in the attribute space. And also it can help us preventing the attribute value be left empty.
Default value
- Reduces the chances of entering incorrect attribute value
- Prevents attribute value to be left empty.
- Saves our time by reducing the typing works.
Range Control
Range control implemented over the data can be very easily achieved by using any data type. As the data type enforces the entry of data in the field according to the limitations of the data type.
Null Value Control
As we already know that a null value is an empty value and is distinct from zero and spaces, Databases can implement the null value control by using the different data types or their build in mechanisms.
Referential Integrity means to keep the input values for a specific attribute in specific limits in comparison to any other attribute of the same or any other relation.
4 major objectives for using data types when specifying attributes in a database are given as under:
- Minimized usage of storage space
- Represent all possible values
- Improve data integrity
- Support all data manipulation
